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Dr. Břetislav Šmíd

Researcher

smidb@email.cz
+420-95155-2337
+420-95155-2671
Prague
orc_id ORCID 0000-0002-8355-1291
researcher_id Researcher ID P-5046-2017
scopus_id Scopus ID 22036501900
people

Publications

Year 2024

  1. Lenzi, V; Silva, JPB; Šmíd, B; Matolín, V; Istrate, CM; Ghica, C; MacManus‐Driscoll, JL; Marques, L
    Ferroelectricity Induced by Oxygen Vacancies in Rhombohedral <scp>ZrO<sub>2</sub></scp> Thin Films
    Energy &amp;amp; Environ Materials 7 (1) : Art. No. e12500 (9 pages), 2024.
    doi:10.1002/eem2.12500 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000943828000001 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2023

  1. Monai, M; Jenkinson, K; Melcherts, AEM; Louwen, JN; Irmak, EA; Van Aert, S; Altantzis, T; Vogt, C; van der Stam, W; Duchoň, T; Šmíd, B; Groeneveld, E; Berben, P; Bals, S; Weckhuysen, BM
    Restructuring of titanium oxide overlayers over nickel nanoparticles during catalysis
    Science 380 (6645) :  (8 pages), 2023.
    doi:10.1126/science.adf6984 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000999020900010 BibTeX & \bibitem
  2. López-Roso Redondo, JR; Michalička, J; Kraushofer, F; Franceschi, G; Šmid, B; Kumar, N; Man, O; Blatnik, M; Wrana, D; Mallada, B; Švec, M; Parkinson, GS; Setvin, M; Riva, M; Diebold, U; Čechal, J
    Hematite <i>α</i>‐Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(0001) in Top and Side View: Resolving Long‐Standing Controversies about Its Surface Structure
    Adv. Mater. Interfaces 10 (32) : Art. No. 2300602 (9 pages), 2023.
    doi:10.1002/admi.202300602 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:001159240100001 BibTeX & \bibitem
  3. Slavinskaya, EM; Stadnichenko, AI; Quinlivan Domínguez, JE; Stonkus, OA; Vorokhta, M; Šmíd, B; Castro-Latorre, P; Bruix, A; Neyman, KM; Boronin, AI
    States of Pt/CeO2 catalysts for CO oxidation below room temperature
    J. Catal. 421 :  (15 pages), 2023.
    doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2023.03.004 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000972463000001 BibTeX & \bibitem
  4. Mastrippolito, D; Camerano, L; Świątek, H; Šmíd, B; Klimczuk, T; Ottaviano, L; Profeta, G
    Polaronic and Mott insulating phase of layered magnetic vanadium trihalide VCl3
    Phys. Rev. B 108 (4) : Art. No. 045126 (7 pages), 2023.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.108.045126 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:001062699100003 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2022

  1. Purikova, O; Tkachenko, I; Šmíd, B; Veltruská, K; Dinhová, TN; Vorokhta, M; Kopecký, V; Hanyková, L; Ju, X
    Free‐Blockage Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Cerium Oxide as ROS‐Responsive and ROS‐Scavenging Nanomedicine
    Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 (46) : Art. No. 2208316 (21 pages), 2022.
    doi:10.1002/adfm.202208316 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000860643300001 BibTeX & \bibitem
  2. Malik, AS; Bali, H; Czirok, F; Szamosvölgyi, Á; Halasi, G; Efremova, A; Šmíd, B; Sápi, A; Kukovecz, Á; Kónya, Z
    Turning CO2 to CH4 and CO over CeO2 and MCF-17 supported Pt, Ru and Rh nanoclusters – Influence of nanostructure morphology, supporting materials and operating conditions
    Fuel 326 : Art. No. 124994 (12 pages), 2022.
    doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124994 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000824525500003 BibTeX & \bibitem
  3. Darabut, AM; Lobko, Y; Yakovlev, Y; Gamón Rodríguez, M; Veltruská, K; Šmíd, B; Kúš, P; Nováková, J; Dopita, M; Vorokhta, M; Kopecký, V; Procházka, M; Matolínová, I; Matolín, V
    Influence of thermal treatment on the structure and electrical conductivity of thermally expanded graphite
    Advanced Powder Technology 33 (12) : Art. No. 103884 (9 pages), 2022.
    doi:10.1016/j.apt.2022.103884 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000892295100003 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2021

  1. Gu, B; Peron, DV; Barrios, AJ; Virginie, M; La Fontaine, C; Briois, V; Vorokhta, M; Šmíd, B; Moldovan, S; Koneti, S; Gambu, TG; Saeys, M; Ordomsky, VV; Khodakov, AY
    Bismuth mobile promoter and cobalt-bismuth nanoparticles in carbon nanotube supported Fischer-Tropsch catalysts with enhanced stability
    J. Catal. 401 :  (13 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2021.07.011 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000691545800011 BibTeX & \bibitem
  2. Schuschke, C; Fusek, L; Uvarov, V; Vorokhta, M; Šmíd, B; Johánek, V; Lykhach, Y; Libuda, J; Mysliveček, J; Brummel, O
    Stability of the Pd/Co3O4(111) Model Catalysts in Oxidizing and Humid Environments
    J. Phys. Chem. C 125 (5) :  (11 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c08915 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000619760700011 BibTeX & \bibitem
  3. Bayer, T; Cunning, BV; Šmíd, B; Selyanchyn, R; Fujikawa, S; Sasaki, K; Lyth, SM
    Spray deposition of sulfonated cellulose nanofibers as electrolyte membranes in fuel cells
    Cellulose 28 (3) :  (13 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1007/s10570-020-03593-w (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000604488100004 BibTeX & \bibitem
  4. Kibis, LS; Svintsitskiy, DA; Stadnichenko, AI; Slavinskaya, EM; Romanenko, AV; Fedorova, EA; Stonkus, OA; Svetlichnyi, VA; Fakhrutdinova, ED; Vorokhta, M; Šmíd, B; Doronkin, DE; Marchuk, V; Grunwaldt, J-D; Boronin, AI
    In situ probing of Pt/TiO2 activity in low-temperature ammonia oxidation
    Catal. Sci. Technol. 11 (1) :  (14 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1039/d0cy01533d (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000609012400020 BibTeX & \bibitem
  5. Ju, X; Šmíd, B; Johánek, V; Khalakhan, I; Yakovlev, Y; Matolínová, I; Matolín, V
    Investigation of dextran adsorption on polycrystalline cerium oxide surfaces
    Appl. Surf. Sci. 544 : Art. No. 148890 (11 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148890 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000618292900006 BibTeX & \bibitem
  6. Fellenberg, AK; Addad, A; Hong, J; Simon, P; Kosto, Y; Šmíd, B; Ji, G; Khodakov, AY
    Iron and copper nanoparticles inside and outside carbon nanotubes: Nanoconfinement, migration, interaction and catalytic performance in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
    J. Catal. 404 :  (18 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2021.09.034 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000720356400003 BibTeX & \bibitem
  7. Rose, M‐A; Šmíd, B; Vorokhta, M; Slipukhina, I; Andrä, M; Bluhm, H; Duchoň, T; Ležaić, M; Chambers, SA; Dittmann, R; Mueller, DN; Gunkel, F
    Identifying Ionic and Electronic Charge Transfer at Oxide Heterointerfaces
    Adv. Mater. 33 (4) : Art. No. 2004132 (11 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1002/adma.202004132 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000594757100001 BibTeX & \bibitem
  8. Zhong, L; Barreau, M; Chen, D; Caps, V; Haevecker, M; Teschner, D; Simonne, DH; Borfecchia, E; Baaziz, W; Šmíd, B; Zafeiratos, S
    Effect of manganese promotion on the activity and selectivity of cobalt catalysts for CO preferential oxidation
    Appl. Catal. B-Environmental 297 : Art. No. 120397 (16 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120397 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000696992200005 BibTeX & \bibitem
  9. Hohner, C; Ronovský, M; Brummel, O; Skála, T; Šmíd, B; Tsud, N; Vorokhta, M; Prince, KC; Mysliveček, J; Johánek, V; Lykhach, Y; Libuda, J
    Reactive interaction of isopropanol with Co3O4(1 1 1) and Pt/Co3O4(1 1 1) model catalysts
    J. Catal. 398 :  (14 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2021.04.005 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000658706400005 BibTeX & \bibitem
  10. Ju, X; Hubalek Kalbacova, M; Šmíd, B; Johánek, V; Janata, M; Dinhová, TN; Bělinová, T; Mazur, M; Vorokhta, M; Strnad, L
    Poly(acrylic acid)-mediated synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles with variable oxidation states and their effect on regulating the intracellular ROS level
    J. Mater. Chem. B 9 (36) :  (15 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1039/d1tb00706h (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000687271100001 BibTeX & \bibitem
  11. Meunier, FC; Cardenas, L; Kaper, H; Šmíd, B; Vorokhta, M; Grosjean, R; Aubert, D; Dembélé, K; Lunkenbein, T
    Synergy between Metallic and Oxidized Pt Sites Unravelled during Room Temperature CO Oxidation on Pt/Ceria
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60 (7) :  (7 pages), 2021.
    doi:10.1002/anie.202013223 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000598329500001 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2020

  1. Kot, M; Kegelmann, L; Köbler, H; Vorokhta, M; Escudero, C; Kúš, P; Šmíd, B; Tallarida, M; Albrecht, S; Abate, A; Matolínová, I; Schmeißer, D; Flege, JI
    In situ Near‐Ambient Pressure X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Reveals the Influence of Photon Flux and Water on the Stability of Halide Perovskite
    ChemSusChem 13 (21) :  (9 pages), 2020.
    doi:10.1002/cssc.202001527 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000569130000001 BibTeX & \bibitem
  2. Fedorov, A; Saraev, A; Kremneva, A; Selivanova, A; Vorokhta, M; Šmíd, B; Bulavchenko, O; Yakovlev, V; Kaichev, V
    Kinetic and mechanistic study of CO oxidation over nanocomposite Cu−Fe−Al oxide catalysts
    ChemCatChem 12 (19) :  (11 pages), 2020.
    doi:10.1002/cctc.202000852 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000567671800001 BibTeX & \bibitem
  3. Ostroverkh, A; Dubau, M; Kúš, P; Haviar, S; Václavů, M; Šmíd, B; Fiala, R; Yakovlev, Y; Ostroverkh, Y; Johánek, V
    Durable ultra‐low‐platinum ionomer‐free anode catalyst for hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cell
    Int J Energy Res 44 (6) :  (11 pages), 2020.
    doi:10.1002/er.5245 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000523954300039 BibTeX & \bibitem
  4. Andrä, M; Funck, C; Raab, N; Rose, M‐A; Vorokhta, M; Dvořák, F; Šmíd, B; Matolín, V; Mueller, DN; Dittmann, R; Waser, R; Menzel, S; Gunkel, F
    Effect of Cationic Interface Defects on Band Alignment and Contact Resistance in Metal/Oxide Heterojunctions
    Adv. Electron. Mater. 6 (1) : Art. No. 1900808 (8 pages), 2020.
    doi:10.1002/aelm.201900808 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000496844200001 BibTeX & \bibitem
  5. Ju, X; Fučíková, A; Šmíd, B; Nováková, J; Matolínová, I; Matolín, V; Janata, M; Bělinová, T; Hubálek Kalbáčová, M
    Colloidal stability and catalytic activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles in cell culture media
    RSC Adv. 10 (65) :  (12 pages), 2020.
    doi:10.1039/D0RA08063B (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000584324000003 BibTeX & \bibitem
  6. Mufundirwa, A; Harrington, GF; Ismail, MS; Šmid, B; Cunning, BV; Shundo, Y; Pourkashanian, M; Sasaki, K; Hayashi, A; Lyth, SM
    Gram-scale synthesis of alkoxide-derived nitrogen-doped carbon foam as a support for Fe–N–C electrocatalysts
    Nanotechnology 31 (22) : Art. No. 225401 (13 pages), 2020.
    doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ab76ed (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000521475900001 BibTeX & \bibitem
  7. Gu, B; Peron, DV; Barrios, AJ; Bahri, M; Ersen, O; Vorokhta, M; Šmíd, B; Banerjee, D; Virginie, M; Marceau, E; Wojcieszak, R; Ordomsky, VV; Khodakov, AY
    Mobility and versatility of the liquid bismuth promoter in the working iron catalysts for light olefin synthesis from syngas
    Chem. Sci. 11 (24) :  (16 pages), 2020.
    doi:10.1039/D0SC01600D (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000542898000003 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2019

  1. Ostroverkh, A; Johánek, V; Dubau, M; Kúš, P; Khalakhan, I; Šmíd, B; Fiala, R; Václavů, M; Ostroverkh, Y; Matolín, V
    Optimization of ionomer-free ultra-low loading Pt catalyst for anode/cathode of PEMFC via magnetron sputtering
    Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 44 (35) :  (13 pages), 2019.
    doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.206 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000477685500030 BibTeX & \bibitem
  2. Brummel, O; Lykhach, Y; Vorokhta, M; Šmíd, B; Stumm, C; Faisal, F; Skála, T; Tsud, N; Neitzel, A; Beranová, K; Prince, KC; Matolín, V; Libuda, J
    Redox Behavior of Pt/Co3O4(111) Model Electrocatalyst Studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Coupled with an Electrochemical Cell
    J. Phys. Chem. C 123 (14) :  (13 pages), 2019.
    doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b08890 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000464768600031 BibTeX & \bibitem
  3. Svintsitskiy, DA; Kardash, TY; Lazareva, EV; Saraev, AA; Derevyannikova, EA; Vorokhta, M; Šmíd, B; Bondareva, VM
    NAP-XPS and in situ XRD study of the stability of Bi-modified MoVNbTeO catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane
    Appl. Catal. A-General 579 :  (10 pages), 2019.
    doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2019.04.027 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000470954100016 BibTeX & \bibitem
  4. Kúš, P; Ostroverkh, A; Khalakhan, I; Fiala, R; Kosto, Y; Šmíd, B; Lobko, Y; Yakovlev, Y; Nováková, J; Matolínová, I; Matolín, V
    Magnetron sputtered thin-film vertically segmented Pt-Ir catalyst supported on TiC for anode side of proton exchange membrane unitized regenerative fuel cells
    Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 44 (31) :  (12 pages), 2019.
    doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.216 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000472991100006 BibTeX & \bibitem
  5. López-Roso Redondo, JR; Lazar, P; Procházka, P; Průša, S; Mallada, B; Cahlík, A; Lachnitt, J; Berger, J; Šmíd, B; Kormoš, L; Jelínek, P; Čechal, J; Švec, M
    Identification of Two-Dimensional FeO2 Termination of Bulk Hematite α-Fe2O3(0001) Surface
    J. Phys. Chem. C 123 (23) :  (7 pages), 2019.
    doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00244 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000471834000024 BibTeX & \bibitem
  6. Ciftyürek, E; Šmíd, B; Li, Z; Matolín, V; Schierbaum, K
    Spectroscopic Understanding of SnO2 and WO3 Metal Oxide Surfaces with Advanced Synchrotron Based; XPS-UPS and Near Ambient Pressure (NAP) XPS Surface Sensitive Techniques for Gas Sensor Applications under Operational Conditions
    Sensors 19 (21) : Art. No. 4737 (21 pages), 2019.
    doi:10.3390/s19214737 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000498834000134 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2018

  1. Faisal, F; Stumm, C; Bertram, M; Waidhas, F; Lykhach, Y; Cherevko, S; Xiang, F; Ammon, M; Vorokhta, M; Šmíd, B; Skála, T; Tsud, N; Neitzel, A; Beranová, K; Prince, KC; Geiger, S; Kasian, O; Wähler, T; Schuster, R; Schneider, MA; Matolín, V; Mayrhofer, KJJ; Brummel, O; Libuda, J
    Electrifying model catalysts for understanding electrocatalytic reactions in liquid electrolytes
    Nat. Mater. 17 (7) :  (7 pages), 2018.
    doi:10.1038/s41563-018-0088-3 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000436341400012 BibTeX & \bibitem
  2. Ostroverkh, A; Dubau, M; Johánek, V; Václavů, M; Šmíd, B; Veltruská, K; Ostroverkh, Y; Fiala, R; Matolín, V
    Efficient Pt-C MEA for PEMFC with Low Platinum Content Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering
    Fuel Cells 18 (1) :  (6 pages), 2018.
    doi:10.1002/fuce.201700137 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000426166800007 BibTeX & \bibitem
  3. Mufundirwa, A; Harrington, GF; Smid, B; Cunning, BV; Sasaki, K; Lyth, SM
    Durability of template-free Fe-N-C foams for electrochemical oxygen reduction in alkaline solution
    J. Power Sources 375 (31) :  (11 pages), 2018.
    doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.025 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000418463700027 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2017

  1. Ostroverkh, A; Johanek, V; Dubau, M; Kus, P; Veltruska, K; Vaclavu, M; Fiala, R; Smid, B; Ostroverkh, Y; Matolin, V
    Novel Fuel Cell MEA Based on Pt-C Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering
    ECS Trans. 80 (8) :  (6 pages), 2017.
    doi:10.1149/08008.0225ecst (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000425016500022 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2016

  1. Khalakhan, I; Vorokhta, M; Václavů, M; Šmíd, B; Lavková, J; Matolínová, I; Fiala, R; Tsud, N; Skála, T; Matolín, V
    In-situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy study of aging of magnetron sputtered Pt-Co nanoalloy thin films during accelerated degradation test
    Electrochim. Acta 211 (1) :  (7 pages), 2016.
    doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.035 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000380904100007 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2012

  1. Matolin, V; Matolinova, I; Dvorak, F; Johanek, V; Myslivecek, J; Prince, KC; Skala, T; Stetsovych, O; Tsud, N; Vaclavu, M; Smid, B
    Water interaction with CeO2(1 1 1)/Cu(1 1 1) model catalyst surface
    Catal. Today 181 (1) :  (9 pages), 2012.
    doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2011.05.032 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000299315100020 BibTeX & \bibitem
  2. Li, Z; Smid, B; Kim, YK; Matolin, V; Kay, BD; Rousseau, R; Dohnalek, Z
    Alcohol Dehydration on Monooxo W=O and Dioxo O=W=O Species
    J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3 (16) :  (5 pages), 2012.
    doi:10.1021/jz300885v (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID: BibTeX & \bibitem
  3. Smid, B; Li, Z; Dohnalkova, A; Arey, BW; Smith, RS; Matolin, V; Kay, BD; Dohnalek, Z
    Characterization of Nanoporous WO3 Films Grown via Ballistic Deposition
    J. Phys. Chem. C 116 (19) :  (7 pages), 2012.
    doi:10.1021/jp3015723 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000304073700027 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2009

  1. Pumera, M; Smid, B; Veltruska, K
    Influence of nitric acid treatment of carbon nanotubes on their physico-chemical properties
    J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9 (4) :  (6 pages), 2009.
    doi:10.1166/jnn.2009.031 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID: BibTeX & \bibitem
  2. Pumera, M; Sasaki, T; Smid, B
    Ultrathin Organically Modified Silica Layer Coated Carbon Nanotubes: Fabrication, Characterization and Electrical Insulating Properties
    Chem.-Asian J. 4 (5) :  (6 pages), 2009.
    doi:10.1002/asia.200900008 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID: BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2008

  1. Matolin, V; Sedlacek, L; Matolinova, I; Sutara, F; Skala, T; Smid, B; Libra, J; Nehasil, V; Prince, KC
    Photoemission Spectroscopy Study of Cu/CeO2 Systems: Cu/CeO2 Nanosized Catalyst and CeO2(111)/Cu(111) Inverse Model Catalyst
    J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (10) :  (8 pages), 2008.
    doi:10.1021/jp077739g (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000253784400040 BibTeX & \bibitem

Year 2007

  1. Pumera, M; Smid, B; Peng, X; Golberg, D; Tang, J; Ichinose, I
    Spontaneous Coating of Carbon Nanotubes with an Ultrathin Polypyrrole Layer
    Chem. Eur. J. 13 (27) :  (6 pages), 2007.
    doi:10.1002/chem.200700211 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000249768400009 BibTeX & \bibitem
  2. Pumera, M; Smid, B
    Redox Protein Noncovalent Functionalization of Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes: Electrochemical Binder-less Glucose Biosensor
    J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 7 (10) :  (6 pages), 2007.
    doi:10.1166/jnn.2007.846 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000250388600038 BibTeX & \bibitem
  3. Smid, B; Mori, T; Takahashi, M; Ou, D-R; Matolin, V; Matolinova, I
    Fabrication and microanalysis of nano-structured CuOx-CeO2 catalysts for CO oxidation reaction
    Adv. Materials Res. 15 :  (6 pages), 2007.
    doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.15-17.261 (abstract link)  PDF ISI ID:000276951800047 BibTeX & \bibitem

Scientific activities

Research in collaboration with visiting scientists, the day-to-day management and running of the NAP-XPS laboratory, which is part of the Central European Research Infrastructure Consortium (CERIC-ERIC). Development of graphene-based materials for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM-FCs). 

Scientific expertise

Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS), synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X–ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), physical vapor deposition (PVD), electrochemistry, fuel cells.